IJE Advance Access published online on February 5, 2009
International Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/ije/dyp001
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The long arm of the family: are parental and grandparental earnings related to young men's body mass index and cognitive ability?
1Centre for Health Equity Studies, CHESS, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
2Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, SE-101 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
* Corresponding author. Centre for Health Equity Studies, CHESS, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: bmodin{at}chess.su.se
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Abstract |
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Background The lasting impact of parents’ socioeconomic status on their children's social trajectories and health is well-established, but do such intergenerationally transmitted inequalities persist also into the third generation? This study investigates the importance of parental and grandparental earnings for young men's body mass index (BMI) and cognitive ability at military conscription.
Methods The database used was UBCoS Multigen, which combines existing data on an Uppsala cohort born 1915–29 with information on several subsequent generations. We analysed young men in the third generation with complete information about the earnings of paternal (n = 3577) and maternal (n = 4142) ancestors of the two preceding generations using OLS-regression.
Results On the paternal side, father's and grandfather's, but not grandmother's, earnings predicted cognitive ability and BMI. In the mutually adjusted models, the associations with cognitive ability largely remained for young men whose fathers [b = –0.96 (95% CI: –1.25, –0.66)] and grandfathers [b = –0.60 (–0.87, –0.33)] were poor rather than well-off, whereas for BMI, only the association with grandfather's earnings [b = 0.78 (0.37, 1.19)] persisted. On the maternal side, the mutually adjusted models indicated that the mother's [b = –0.89 (–1.14, –0.65)] and the grandfather's [b = –0.65 (–0.89, –0.41)], but not the grandmother's, earnings were predictive of cognitive ability, whereas only the grandfather's [b = 0.56 (0.18, 0.94)] earnings seemed to be important for BMI.
Conclusions The results suggest that the long arm of the family reaches beyond the second generation in its effect on health. Although this study has only scratched the surface of how health inequalities is reproduced, it suggests that policies that reduce social inequalities may have ramifications across several generations.
Keywords Keywords Intergenerational, health inequalities, parental and grandparental income, BMI, cognitive ability
Accepted 5 January 2009
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