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IJE Advance Access published online on March 21, 2007
International Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/ije/dym013
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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association © The Author 2007; all rights reserved.

Commentary: Women in combat and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression{dagger}

Charles W Hoge*, Julie C Clark and Carl A Castro

* Corresponding author. Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Medical Research and Materiel Command, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910, USA. E-mail: charles.hoge@us.army.mil

Accepted 25 January 2007

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.

Studies among civilian populations have consistently shown that when compared with men, women have significantly higher prevalence rates of depression and anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).1,2 Studies of general military populations in garrison have paralleled findings from civilian studies.3–5 Research on the gender differences associated with military deployment, such as Vietnam, Persian Gulf War, or peacekeeping operations,6–12 has found inconsistent results. These studies are not representative of current extended combat deployments in Iraq or Afghanistan, war zones that lack traditional front lines and in which women are serving in roles that put them at greater risk than in the past.

Although women are excluded from serving in direct combat specialties, such as infantry or armour, . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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