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IJE Advance Access published online on March 21, 2007
International Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/ije/dym006
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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association © The Author 2007; all rights reserved.

Survival of Jews during the Holocaust: the importance of different types of social resources

Peter Tammes

Social and Cultural Planning Office of The Netherlands (SCP), Parnassusplein 5, P.O. Box 16164, 2500 BD The Hague, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.tammes{at}scp.nl; p.tammes{at}hetnet.nl


  Abstract

Background Of the Jewish inhabitants of Amsterdam 25.9% survived the Holocaust. However, different cultural and socio-economic groups within the Jewish community may have had different social resources and different chances of survival.

Method To determine social resources by studying a random sample of 7665 Jews living in Amsterdam on the eve of the destruction of Dutch Jewry. Binary logistic regression models are used to test several hypotheses and express odds ratios. As some types of social resources may be interrelated, multivariable analyses are used.

Results There were basically two ways of avoiding deportation to the death camps: going into hiding or acquiring protected status. The latter option was open chiefly to Jews having German nationality. In the analyses a higher survival rate correlates with holding German nationality, however is not significant when job status is included. Survival correlates strongly with having relations with non-Jews. The results were controlled for marital status, number of children, age below 15 years and gender. Standard errors and P-values were adjusted for family relationship by using robust standard error analyses.

Conclusion Survival correlates most strongly with having close social ties with non-Jews. Although Jews could sometimes acquire protected status, this was no more than temporary. In order to survive, Jews needed someone who was a non-Jew to hide them and provide support.

Keywords Social resources, mortality, Holocaust, Jews, The Netherlands

Accepted 4 January 2007


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