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IJE Advance Access published online on September 22, 2006
International Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/ije/dyl216
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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association © The Author 2006; all rights reserved.
Accepted August 31, 2006

Original paper

Active community surveillance of the impact of different tuberculosis control measures, Tiruvallur, South India, 1968-2001

R. Subramani 1, T. Santha 1, T. R. Frieden 2, S. Radhakrishna 3, P. G. Gopi 1, N. Selvakumar 1, K. Sadacharam 1, and P. R. Narayanan 1 *

1 Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai, India
2 Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City
3 Institute for Research in Medical Statistics, Chennai, India

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
P. R. Narayanan, E-mail: nrparanj{at}md2.vsnl.net.in


  Abstract

Background Tuberculosis is curable, but community surveys documenting epidemiological impact of the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy on tuberculosis prevalence have not been published. We used active community surveillance to compare the impact of DOTS with earlier programmes.

Methods We conducted tuberculosis disease surveys using random cluster sampling of a rural population in South India approximately every 2.5 years from 1968 to 1986, using radiography as a screening tool for sputum examination. In 1999, DOTS was implemented in the area. Prevalence surveys using radiography and symptom screening were conducted at the start of DOTS implementation and after 2.5 years.

Results From 1968 to 1999, culture-positive and smear-positive tuberculosis declined by 2.3 and 2.5% per annum compared with 11.9 and 5.6% after DOTS implementation. The 2.5 year period of DOTS implementation accounted for one-fourth of the decline in prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis over 33 years. Multivariate analysis showed that prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis decreased substantially (10.0% per annum, 95% CI: 2.8-16.6%) owing to DOTS after only slight declines related to temporal trends (2.1% annual decline, 95% CI: 1.1-3.2%) and short-course chemotherapy (1.5% annual decline, 95% CI: -9.7% to 11.5%). Under DOTS, the proportion of total cases identified through clinical care increased from 81 to 92%.

Conclusions Following DOTS implementation, prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis decreased rapidly following a gradual decline for the previous 30 years. In the absence of a large HIV epidemic and with relatively low levels of rifampicin resistance, DOTS was associated with rapid reduction of tuberculosis prevalence.

Keywords: Community surveys; mass chest X-ray; epidemiology; rifampicin; disease control; tuberculosis; DOTS.
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