Skip Navigation



IJE Advance Access published online on May 18, 2006
International Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/ije/dyl079
This Article
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
35/4/1034    most recent
dyl079v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Khaw, K.-T.
Right arrow Articles by Wareham, N.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Khaw, K.-T.
Right arrow Articles by Wareham, N.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association © The Author 2006; all rights reserved.
Accepted March 28, 2006

Original paper

Work and leisure time physical activity assessed using a simple, pragmatic, validated questionnaire and incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk prospective population study

Kay-Tee Khaw 1 *, Rupert Jakes 1, Sheila Bingham 2, Ailsa Welch 1, Robert Luben 1, Nicholas Day 1, and Nicholas Wareham 3

1 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK
2 MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, UK
3 MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Kay-Tee Khaw, E-mail: kk101{at}medschl.cam.ac.uk


  Abstract

Background The health benefits of physical activity are well established, but the overall amount of physical activity associated with cardiovascular and other health outcomes, and whether the relationships are similar in men and women and at different ages is still debated. This may be partly related to different methods for assessing physical activity. Most studies have focused on leisure time physical activity.

Methods We examined the prospective relationship between usual physical activity, taking into account both leisure and work activity, using a simple, pragmatic, four-point rating scale validated against heart rate monitoring, and cardiovascular disease incidence and total mortality after an average 8 years follow-up in 22 191 community living men and women aged 45-79 years with no known cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline.

Results The relative risks (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality (1553 deaths) for men and women who were moderately inactive, moderately active, and active compared with those who were inactive were 0.83 (0.73-0.95), 0.68 (0.58-0.80), and 0.68 (0.57-0.81), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, blood cholesterol, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, diabetes, body mass index, and social class. The relationships were also consistent for cardiovascular disease incidence (3079 events), in subgroups stratified by age, sex, body mass index, smoking status and social class, and after excluding deaths in the first 2 years. The combined scale was more consistently associated with mortality than the individual work and leisure time components separately.

Conclusions When both work and leisure time physical activity patterns are taken into account, using a simple, pragmatic, validated questionnaire feasible for use in clinical and public health practice, even very moderate levels of usual physical activity are associated with significantly reduced risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease in men and women in the general population and potential population attributable impact of 14% for inactive compared with active levels. These findings may encourage efforts to increase physical activity levels not only in leisure time but also in usual daily working life.

Keywords: physical activity; measurement; mortality; cardiovascular disease; population.
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 BMJHome page
K. A Deans, V. Bezlyak, I. Ford, G D. Batty, H. Burns, J. Cavanagh, E. d. Groot, A. McGinty, K. Millar, P. G Shiels, et al.
Differences in atherosclerosis according to area level socioeconomic deprivation: cross sectional, population based study
BMJ, October 27, 2009; 339(oct27_4): b4170 - b4170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
E. McFadden, R. Luben, N. Wareham, S. Bingham, and K.-T. Khaw
Social Class, Risk Factors, and Stroke Incidence in Men and Women: A Prospective Study in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer in Norfolk Cohort
Stroke, April 1, 2009; 40(4): 1070 - 1077.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
C. H. van Gils, P. H.M. Peeters, M. C.J. Schoenmakers, R. M. Nijmeijer, N. C. Onland-Moret, Y. T. van der Schouw, and E. M. Monninkhof
Physical Activity and Endogenous Sex Hormone Levels in Postmenopausal Women: a Cross-Sectional Study in the Prospect-EPIC Cohort
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2009; 18(2): 377 - 383.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ptjournalHome page
J. W LeMaster, M. J Mueller, G. E Reiber, D. R Mehr, R. W Madsen, and V. S Conn
Effect of Weight-Bearing Activity on Foot Ulcer Incidence in People With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Feet First Randomized Controlled Trial
Physical Therapy, November 1, 2008; 88(11): 1385 - 1398.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
P. G. Surtees, N. W.J. Wainwright, R. N. Luben, N. J. Wareham, S. A. Bingham, and K.-T. Khaw
Depression and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality: Evidence From the EPIC-Norfolk United Kingdom Prospective Cohort Study
Am J Psychiatry, April 1, 2008; 165(4): 515 - 523.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
T. M. Peters, U. Ekelund, M. Leitzmann, D. Easton, R. Warren, R. Luben, S. Bingham, K.-T. Khaw, and N. J. Wareham
Physical Activity and Mammographic Breast Density in the EPIC-Norfolk Cohort Study
Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2008; 167(5): 579 - 585.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeurologyHome page
P. K. Myint, P. G. Surtees, N.W.J. Wainwright, R. N. Luben, A. A. Welch, S. A. Bingham, N. J. Wareham, and K.-T Khaw
Physical health-related quality of life predicts stroke in the EPIC-Norfolk
Neurology, December 11, 2007; 69(24): 2243 - 2248.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
K.-T. Khaw, M. Dowsett, E. Folkerd, S. Bingham, N. Wareham, R. Luben, A. Welch, and N. Day
Endogenous Testosterone and Mortality Due to All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer in Men: European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study
Circulation, December 4, 2007; 116(23): 2694 - 2701.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Epidemiol. Community HealthHome page
N. W J Wainwright, P. G Surtees, A. A Welch, R. N Luben, K.-T. Khaw, and S. A Bingham
Healthy lifestyle choices: could sense of coherence aid health promotion?
J Epidemiol Community Health, October 1, 2007; 61(10): 871 - 876.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Disclaimer: Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.