IJE Advance Access published online on May 27, 2004
International Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/ije/dyg278
© 2004 by International Epidemiological Association
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1 Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 600 Centerview Drive, PO Box 855, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zqian{at}psu.edu.
Background We explored methods to develop uncorrelated variables for epidemiological analysis models. They were used to examine associations between respiratory health outcomes and multiple household risk factors. Methods We analysed data collected in the Four Chinese Cities Study (FCCS) to examine health effects on prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and illnesses in 7058 school children living in the four Chinese cities: Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. We used factor analysis approaches to reduce the number of the children's lifestyle/household variables and to develop new uncorrelated ‘factor’ variables. We used unconditional logistic regression models to examine associations between the factor variables and the respiratory health outcomes, while controlling for other covariates. Results Five factor variables were derived from 21 original variables: heating coal smoke, cooking coal smoke, socioeconomic status, ventilation, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and parental asthma. We found that higher exposure to heating coal smoke was associated with higher reporting of cough with phlegm, wheeze, and asthma. Cooking coal smoke was not associated with any of the outcomes. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with lower reporting of persistent cough and bronchitis. Higher household ventilation was associated with lower reporting of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, cough with phlegm, bronchitis, and wheeze. Higher exposure to ETS and the presence of parental asthma were associated with higher reporting of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, cough with phlegm, bronchitis, wheeze, and asthma. Conclusions Our study suggests that independent respiratory effects of exposure to indoor air pollution, heating coal smoke, and ETS may exist for the studied children.
Original paper
Factor analysis of household factors: are they associated with respiratory conditions in Chinese children?
2 Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
3 Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research and Technology, Trenton, NJ 08625-0409, USA; Division of Biometrics, UMDNJ-SPH, 401 East State Street, Trenton, NJ 08625-0409, USA
4 China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beisihuandonglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
5 Formerly with National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop B243-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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