IJE Advance Access originally published online on December 2, 2004
International Journal of Epidemiology 2005 34(2):251-256; doi:10.1093/ije/dyh372
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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association © The Author 2004; all rights reserved.
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Cohort Profile: The Whitehall II study
International Centre for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1–19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
* Corresponding author. E-mail: m.marmot@ucl.ac.uk
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How did the study come about? |
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The Whitehall studies have come to be closely associated with the investigation of socioeconomic differences in physical and mental illness and mortality: the social gradient. 1,2 That was not the initial purpose of the first Whitehall study. Donald Reid and Geoffrey Rose set up Whitehall, in the 1960s, as a kind of British Framingham: 3 ‘Framingham’ insofar as it was a longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes, looking at individual risk factors for disease; ‘British’ in that it was done on the cheap—a simple screening examination with follow-up limited to deaths identified from the National Health Service Central Registry.
Socioeconomic differences were initially not on the agenda. In the 1970s there was a small group of researchers who continued the British tradition that went back to William Farr in the nineteenth century of examining social inequalities in health. 4 For the most part, within epidemiology, ‘social class’ was not an object of
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Who set Whitehall II up, and why, and how was it funded? |
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What does Whitehall II cover and how has it changed? |
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Who is in the sample? |
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How often have participants been followed up? |
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What has been measured? |
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What is attrition like? |
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What has been found? Key findings and key publications |
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What are the main strengths and weaknesses? |
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Can I get hold of the data? Where can I find out more? |
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