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IJE Advance Access originally published online on May 20, 2004
International Journal of Epidemiology 2004 33(4):741-742; doi:10.1093/ije/dyh173
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IJE vol.33 no.4 © International Epidemiological Association 2004; all rights reserved.

Commentary

Commentary: Contextual effects: index construction and technique

Peter Congdon

Queen Mary & Westfield College, Department of Geography, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. E-mail: p.congdon@qmul.ac.uk

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.

The authors of the Stockholm study1 in this issue of the International Journal of Epidemiology are continuing the recent trend in epidemiology to recognize the impact that ecological and other contexts may have on health outcomes beyond those due to individual risk factors and behaviours.2 This trend has accompanied improved technical methods (e.g. multi-level and random effects models) that facilitate such an approach. The authors recognize the need for the qualifications ‘material deprivation, as measured by the Townsend index...’ and ‘social fragmentation as measured by the Congdon index.’ The operationalization of theoretical constructs can never be perfect and indices used in ecological studies are recognized to . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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