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International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:1071-1073
© International Epidemiological Association 2002

Tutorial

Forward projection—using critical appraisal in the design of studies

Mark Elwood

National Cancer Control Initiative, 1 Rathdowne St, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia. E-mail: melwood@ncci.org.au

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.

Traditional courses of epidemiology usually start with descriptive epidemiology, moving to types of study design, and often ending with the presentation of results and some statistics. More recent epidemiological graduates, particularly those with a clinical background, may have covered the subject the opposite way, by starting with critical appraisal of studies in the context of evidence-based medicine, emphasizing the interpretation of study results. Either way, the process of conceptualizing and designing studies is often separated from that of interpreting other people’s studies in published literature. I have found it helpful in discussing study design with students or with health professionals to use the principles of critical appraisal in study design.

It is useful early in the work, when a preliminary approach has been outlined. Let us take an epidemiological issue such as whether exposure to electric and magnetic fields . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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