International Journal of Epidemiology 2001;30:467-473
© International Epidemiological Association 2001
Child Health in Africa |
Evidence for a ‘healthy pregnant woman effect’ in Niakhar, Senegal?
d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, A.Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
e Department of Reproductive Health and Research (RHR), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Reprint requests: Carine Ronsmans, Maternal and Child Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 49–51 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP, UK. E-mail: carine.ronsmans{at}lshtm.ac.uk
Abstract
Background Although it is generally believed that pregnancy exposes women to a wide variety of excess health risks that go beyond the direct obstetric complications of pregnancy, the epidemiological evidence in support of such excess indirect risks is inconclusive. In this article we attempt to document the contribution of indirect causes of death to maternal mortality in rural Senegal by using an epidemiological approach whereby the time spent during pregnancy and postpartum is considered a transient period of exposure to the health hazards of childbearing.
Methods We use data from an ongoing demographic surveillance system in Niakhar, Senegal and calculate rate ratios comparing death rates in pregnant or recently pregnant women (exposed) with death rates in other women (unexposed), including and excluding direct obstetric deaths.
Results Between ages 20 and 44, pregnancy does not confer additional risks to women. After excluding direct obstetric deaths, exposed women aged 20–39 have surprisingly lower risks of death than unexposed women of the same age. For the very young (15–19) and the very old (45–49), on the other hand, the excess risks associated with pregnancy are considerable and, among women age 45 or older, persist even after excluding direct obstetric deaths.
Conclusion The apparent protective effect of pregnancy on women's health that is observed in this study illustrates the paradoxical nature of the concept of indirect causes of maternal mortality, and the difficulties in measuring the risks of death attributable to the pregnancy. Further studies aimed at separating risks attributable to the pregnancy from those that are incidental to the pregnancy are required.
KEY MESSAGES
- pregnancy is traditionally considered as a particularly vulnerable period in womens' lives
- in rural Senegal, pregnant women aged 20–44 years do not experience higher mortality risks than non-pregnant women
- when excluding direct obstetric deaths, women aged 20–39 years have lower mortality than non-pregnant women
- the most likely explanation is the selection of the healthiest women into pregnancy, although alternative factors are discussed
Keywords Maternal mortality, cause of death, developing country, selection bias
Accepted 6 June 2000
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