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© 1996 Oxford University Press
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Risk Factors for Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease among Children 2–16 Years of Age in the Vaccine Era, Switzerland 1991–1993
HLEMANN*
*Institute of Medical Microbiology, Friedb
histrasse 51, University of Berne CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
**Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Mhlemann K (Institute of Medical Microbiology, Friedbhistrasse 51, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland), Alexander E R, Weiss N S, Pepe M, Schopfer K and the Swiss H.Influenzae Study Group. Risk factors for invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease among children aged 2–16 years of age in the vaccine era, Switzerland 1991–1993. International Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 25: 1280–1285.
BACKGROUND: Continued surveillance, and detailed investigation of direct and indirect effects of conjugated vaccines and risk factors for invasive H. Influenzae serotype b (Hib) disease in the vaccine era are important
METHODS: 143 cases with invasive disease between 1991 and 1993 aged 2–16 years were selected retrospectively from a large incidence trend study. Controls (n = 336) were recruited from local vital registries and matched to cases for age, gender, and residence. Hib vaccination histories among study subjects and their siblings and other sociodemographic variables were obtained by questionnaires completed by the parents of these children. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) estimates were calculated by conditional logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: Most vaccinated subjects had received the Polysacchande-Diphtheria Toxoid vaccine and estimated vaccine efficacy was high (95%; 95% confidence interval [Cl] 60–99%). Also, the results suggested that protection afforded by vaccination against Hib extended to the family members of vaccinated children. School attendance was found to be protective against invasive Hib disease (OR : 0.33; Cl : 0.14–0.75). Cases more often than controls reported sufferring from asthma and allergies (OR : 4.8; Cl: 1.2–19 4).
CONCLUSIONS: Post-licensure vaccine efficacy is high among children 
2 years of age. The observed association between asthma and epiglottis is novel and deserves further investigation
Keywords Haemophilus influenzae, vaccine, vaccine efficacy, risk factors, asthma
Revised 1 May 1996
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