IJE Advance Access originally published online on January 19, 2005
International Journal of Epidemiology 2005 34(1):221-222; doi:10.1093/ije/dyh399
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IJE vol.34 no.1 © International Epidemiological Association 2005; all rights reserved.
Letters to the Editor |
Polyparasitism
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. E-mail: em225k{at}nih.gov
Sirs—The recent Raso et al. paper1 addresses a phenomenon that is important, familiar, but neglected. Explicit studies of polyparasitism should be common: polyparasitism is common in the world, though seldom acknowledged. Figure 1 summarizes seven reports published in 1991–96 that include data on polyparasitism.2–8 At 7 of the 11 study sites, more than half the sample population harboured a polyparasitic infection.
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Even these sparse results point to deeper questions, e.g. why those seven sites include three of the four at which three parasite species were investigated, but only one of the two at which eleven were investigated. Studies that simply compare the observed with the expected prevalence of a specific polyparasitic infection—or present data that allow others to do so—can provide insights to guide intervention, e.g. for geohelminth infections,9–10 or malaria.11–12 But such studies are still rare.
It may be that only a few parasite species interact, in epidemiological or clinical terms, and that in most circumstances it is wise to focus on one infection and ignore the others. Differential diagnosis has proven an enormously valuable principle, and the postulates Koch developed—after concluding that ‘work with impure cultures yields nothing but nonsense’13—remain the standard for demonstrating a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. But it was impure cultures—thanks to Fleming's sloppiness, luck, and sharp eye—that led to penicillin. Wagner-Jauregg's observation that syphilis patients were sometimes ‘healed through intercurrent infectious diseases,’ led him to ‘imitate this experiment of nature’14—which led to a Nobel Prize, and the treatment of thousands in malariatherapy clinics.15 Certainly Jenner could not have known that he was taking advantage of microbial interactions when he used the virus of cowpox as ‘vaccinia’ to protect against the virus of smallpox. In recent times, analysis of the accelerating co-incidence of familiar STDs might have helped us recognize more promptly that HIV was emerging, facilitating, and exacerbating other infections.16
Polyparasitism is widespread. Its combinatorics and complexity are daunting, but, for parasite species interconnected through immunity or transmission, likely to confound routine approaches to research. Raso et al. remind us that ‘multiple species parasitic infections are the norm rather than the exception,’ and therefore that polyparasitism deserves much more attention.
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 Top References |
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1 Raso G, Luginbühl A, Adjoua CA et al. Multiple parasite infections and their relationship to self-reported morbidity in a community of rural Côte d'Ivoire. Int J Epidemiol 2004;33:1092–102.
2 Kightlinger LK, Seed JR, Kightlinger MB. The epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm in children in the Ranomafana rainforest, Madagascar. J Parasitol 1995;81:159–69.[Medline]
3 Booth M, Yuesheng L, Tanner M. Helminth infections, morbidity indicators and schistosomiasis treatment history in three villages, Dongting Lake region, PR China. Trop Med Int Health 1996;1:464–74.[Medline]
4 Ashford, RW, Craig PS, Oppenheimer SJ. Polyparasitism on the Kenya coast. I. Prevalence and association between parasitic infections Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1992;86:671–79.[Web of Science][Medline]
5 Tshikuka J-G, Scott ME, Gray-Donald K, Kalumba O-N. Multiple infection with Plasmodium and helminths in communities of low and relatively high socio-economic status. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996;90:277–93.[Medline]
6 Alonzo E, Alonzo V, Forino D, Iloi A. Recherche parasitologique conduite entre 1982 et 1991 chez un echantillon de sujets residents a Zinvie (Benin). Med Trop 1993;53:331–35.
7 Chunge RN, Karumba PN, Nagelkerke N et al. Intestinal parasites in a rural community in Kenya: cross-sectional surveys with emphasis on prevalence, incidence, duration of infection, and polyparasitism. East Afr Med J 1991;68:112–23.[Medline]
8 Ferreira CS, Ferreira MU, Nogueira MR. The prevalence of infection by intestinal parasites in an urban slum in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J Trop Med Hyg 1994;97:121–27.[Medline]
9 Bundy DA, Cooper ES, Thompson DE, Didier JM, Simmons I. Epidemiology and population dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection in the same community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987;81:987–93.[Medline]
10 Booth M, Bundy DA. Comparative prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infection and the prospects for combined control. Parasitology 1992;105:151–57.
11 McKenzie FE, Bossert WH. Mixed-species Plasmodium infections of humans. J Parasitol 1997;83:593–600.[CrossRef][Medline]
12 Mason DP, McKenzie FE. Blood-stage dynamics and clinical implications of mixed Plasmodium vivax–Plasmodium falciparum infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;61:367–74.[Abstract]
13 Atlas RM, Bartha R. Microbial Ecology. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981.
14 Wagner-Jauregg J. The treatment of general paresis by inoculation of malaria. J Nerv Ment Dis 1922;55:369–75.
15 Chernin E. The malariatherapy of neurosyphilis. J Parasitol 1984;70:611–17.[Medline]
16 Petridou E, Dafni U, Freeman J, Trichopoulos D. Routinely reported sexually transmitted diseases presage the evolution of the AIDS epidemic. Epidemiology 1997;8:449–52.[Medline]
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