IJE Advance Access originally published online on May 20, 2004
International Journal of Epidemiology 2004 33(4):847-848; doi:10.1093/ije/dyh199
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IJE vol.33 no.4 © International Epidemiological Association 2004; all rights reserved.
Commentary |
Commentary: The epidemiology of failure-to-thrive in infants
University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. E-mail: peter.sullivan{at}paediatrics.ox.ac.uk
Although failure to thrive (FTT) is a common problem, precise epidemiological data is lacking. FTT accounts for 1–5% of paediatric hospital admissions under 2 year of age. This will be an underestimate of its true incidence, however, as FTT is identified and treated primarily in the community. The population prevalence of FTT has been found to range anywhere between 1.3% and 20.9% depending on the definition of FTT that is used.
The imprecision of this data is a reflection of the difficulties in assessing the frequency of the occurrence of FTT in children. Some of the difficulties in interpretation of findings are related to a preconception by health workers and researchers that FTT is always linked with poverty. As a consequence of this, most studies of FTT have focused on highly deprived groups and produced skewed and unhelpful results. There is, in fact, little objective evidence to support this putative link with poverty. The report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)1 in this issue of the International Journal of Epidemiology is, therefore, a welcome addition to the FTT literature as it also fails to demonstrate a systematic effect of social variables on poor weight gain in infants. Recent studies suggest, in fact, that the majority of children with FTT come from the larger population of more ‘average’ income backgrounds. In particular, it has been noted that because of this assumption that deprivation is a risk factor, children with a weight less than the third centile who are from a low socio-economic class are more likely to be labelled as FTT (and hence referred). However, similar children from a higher socio-economic class are more likely to be described as ‘constitutional short stature’ (this is generally considered a normal variation of growth. These children usually present with a severe deceleration in growth in the first 2 years of life with a subsequent realignment to a centile line and normal growth increments until adolescence when a growth spurt occurs. It can be very difficult during this period of reduced growth velocity to be confident that such a child is not failing to thrive.) Consequently, those children from more affluent backgrounds may be being missed and/or present later than they should. A study from an urban area of the UK which identified children with FTT using the thrive index (defined as the ratio between the predicted weight gain and actual weight gain) showed (1) that the majority were not from the most deprived areas of the city, (2) that overt neglect was rare, and (3) that 76% were living in apparently caring homes but were nevertheless undernourished.2
ALSPAC is a cohort study of child growth and development based on pregnant mothers who were recruited in the South West of England between 1991 and 1992. Cases of FTT were identified (with an elegant handling of the data which takes into account regression to the mean) as those whose weight gain was a below a z-score of –1.645. Having excluded premature infants and those with congenital abnormalities growth data was available on 11 718 infants who were measured at birth, 6–8 weeks, and 9 months. This data was then compared with demographic data (obstetric history, parental anthropometry, and socio-economic status etc.) obtained by questionnaire. Slow weight gain was identified in 531/11 187 (4.5%) of infants in whom complete data was available at 9 months. Significant associations between slow weight gain and both maternal and paternal height and high parity were identified. The risk of poor weight gain was also shown to be increased in subsequent siblings. Although there was no significant association between poor weight gain and parental occupation or socio-economic class there was an association with living in rented accommodation or not having the use of a car or telephone. An important message from this study is that the authors attribute the absence of a systematic effect of social variables on poor weight gain in infants to the ready availability of social security aid in UK which reduces the level of poverty and increases food availability in families with small children.
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1 Blair PS, Drewett RF, Emmett PM, Emond AM, Ness A and the ALSPAC Study Team. Family, socio-economic and prenatal factors associated with failure to thrive in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Int J Epidemiol 2004;33:839–47.
2 Wright CM. A population approach to weight monitoring and failure to thrive. In: David TG (ed.). Recent Advances in Paediatrics. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995, pp. 73–87.
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