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IJE Advance Access originally published online on January 13, 2005
International Journal of Epidemiology 2005 34(1):15-17; doi:10.1093/ije/dyh360
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IJE vol.34 no.1 © International Epidemiological Association 2005; all rights reserved.

Commentary

Commentary: The global relevance of ‘biological Freudianism’

Robert A Waterland

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Ste. 9070, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail: waterland@bcm.tmc.edu

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

While a stick is green, thou canst bend it as thou listest.

When it is dry, fire alone can make it straight.

Saadi, 13th century Persian poet

For centuries, it has been recognized that during limited ontogenic periods, subtle environmental influences can alter the course of human development and thereby affect an individual throughout life. As Dubos pointed out in his 1966 article,1 such ‘early influences’ have most commonly been recognized to affect human behaviour. A huge body of work from the past 40 years, however, illustrates convincingly that in addition to conditioning behaviour, early environmental influences on developmental pathways help shape individual anatomy, physiology, metabolism, and gene expression. Dubos proposed that this area of research might develop into a new science called ‘biological Freudianism’. Considering the various connotations now associated with the term ‘Freudian’, it is probably a good thing that Dubos' proposed terminology never caught on. . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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G. D. Smith
Epidemiological Freudianism
Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2005; 34(1): 1 - 2.
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