International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:737-741
© International Epidemiological Association 2002
Review |
Vascular calcification and osteoporosis: inflammatory responses to oxidized lipids
Departments of Medicine and Physiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 951679, 10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1679, USA. E-mail: Ldemer@mednet.ucla.edu
Keywords Atherosclerosis, artery, osteoporosis, calcification
Accepted 25 April 2002
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Introduction |
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In the early 1900s, cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis was considered a passive, degenerative, inevitable and end-stage process of ageing. After decades of research, it is now recognized as an active, regulated, treatable and preventable disorder related to deposition and oxidation of lipoprotein components. Similarly, in the past few decades, vascular calcification also has been considered a passive, degenerative, inevitable, and end-stage process of ageing. But, after recent clinical and laboratory findings, there is increasing recognition that vascular calcification is an active, regulated process related to oxidized lipids that may be treatable and preventable.
The fact that complete bone tissue forms within the atherosclerotic artery wall has been known since at least the 1800s. In 1863, Virchow observed that vascular calcium deposits were not mere calcification, but ossification.1 In 1908, investigators reported red marrow elements in bone tissue within atherosclerotic plaque.2,3 Experimental models of atherosclerosis also have cartilage and marrow within
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Mechanism of vascular calcification |
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Clinical significance of vascular calcification |
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Measurement of vascular calcification
Coronary events
Plaque rupture
Loss of the Windkessel effect in aortic calcification
Cardiac valve calcification
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Accelerated vascular calcification in dialysis patients |
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Vascular calcification and osteoporosis |
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Lipids and biomineralization
The paradox of simultaneous osteolysis and ectopic ossification
Additional epidemiological considerations
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