IJE Advance Access originally published online on September 22, 2009
International Journal of Epidemiology 2009 38(5):1175-1191; doi:10.1093/ije/dyp289
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Smoking and lung cancer: recent evidence and a discussion of some questions*
1School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Department of Biostatistics, paper #323.
2National Cancer Institute, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bethesda, Md.
3American Cancer Society, Inc., New York, N.Y.
4School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
5National Cancer Institute, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bethesda, Md.
6Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y.
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Summary This report reviews some of the more recent epidemiologic and experimental findings on the relationship of tobacco smoking to lung cancer, and discusses some criticisms directed against the conclusion that tobacco smoking, especially cigarettes, has a causal role in the increase in broncho-genic carcinoma. The magnitude of the excess lung-cancer risk among cigarette smokers is so great that the results can not be interpreted as arising from an indirect association of cigarette smoking with some other agent or characteristic, since this hypothetical agent would have to be at least as strongly associated with lung cancer as cigarette use; no such agent has been found or suggested. The consistency of all the epidemiologic and experimental evidence also supports the conclusion of a causal relationship with cigarette smoking, while there are serious inconsistencies in reconciling the evidence with other hypotheses which have been advanced. Unquestionably there are areas where more research is necessary, and, of course, no single cause accounts for all lung cancer. The information already available, however, is sufficient for planning and activating public health measures. – J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 22:173–203, 1959.
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