IJE Advance Access originally published online on January 4, 2006
International Journal of Epidemiology 2006 35(3):731-738; doi:10.1093/ije/dyi285
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Hormone replacement therapy and acute myocardial infarction: a large observational study exploring the influence of age
1 Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
2 Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
* Corresponding author. E-mail: joseph.kim{at}lshtm.ac.uk
Background We examined whether the discrepancy between observational studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on myocardial infarction (MI) could be explained by differences in age of participants at the time of either HRT initiation or the MI event.
Methods A matched case–control study was performed using the General Practice Research Database. Cases (n = 22 225) had a first diagnosis of MI between 1987 and 2001; up to six controls (n = 144 085) were matched to each case based on age, sex, and practice. Conditional logistic regression was performed adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, as well as, cardiovascular drug use and consultation rate.
Results HRT users had a lower overall risk of MI compared with never users [odds ratio (OR): 0.76; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.68–0.86); results were similar for opposed (OR: 0.73; 95% CI 0.68–0.86) and unopposed (OR: 0.79; 95% CI 0.66–0.96) therapy. This apparent benefit increased with older age at HRT initiation(18–44 years: OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.74–1.33; 45–54 years: OR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.71–1.00; 55–64 years: OR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.54–0.82; 65–74 years: OR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.34–0.74; >75 years: OR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.23–1.32). Moreover, the cardioprotective effect was greater for MIs occurring at older ages (P-value for interaction = 0.003).
Conclusion The effect of HRT on MI becomes more pronounced with older age at initiation and at older ages at the time of an MI event. These findings contradict the hypothesis that the apparent protection seen in observational studies was due to the inclusion of younger participants.
Keywords Acute myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, hormone replacement therapy, pharmacoepidemiology
Accepted 11 November 2005
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  G. M. Sare, L. J. Gray, and P. M.W. Bath Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent arterial and venous vascular events: a meta-analysis Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2008; 29(16): 2031 - 2041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J Stampfer Commentary: Hormones, heart disease, and the definition of hormone 'initiation' Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2006; 35(3): 738 - 739. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Kim, S. Evans, L. Smeeth, and S. Pocock Response: Response to the Stampfer commentary Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2006; 35(3): 740 - 740. [Full Text] [PDF]
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