IJE Advance Access originally published online on May 27, 2004
International Journal of Epidemiology 2004 33(4):769-776; doi:10.1093/ije/dyh044
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IJE vol.33 no.4 © International Epidemiological Association 2004; all rights reserved.
Article |
Exposure over the life course to an urban environment and its relation with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon
1 Cameroon Essential Non-communicable diseases Health Intervention Project, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon
2 Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, UK
3 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Clinical Investigation Centre, Saint-Louis University Hospital (AP-HP), Paris 10, France
4 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, UK
5 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Saint-Louis University Hospital (AP-HP), Paris 10, France
Correspondence: Prof. Jean-Claude Mbanya, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 8046 Yaoundé, Cameroon. E-mail: jean-claude.mbanya{at}camnet.cm
Background This study aimed to assess the association between lifetime exposure to urban environment (EU) and obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in an adult population of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods We studied 999 women and 727 men aged 
25 years. They represent all the adults aged 25 years living in households randomly selected from a rural and an urban community of Cameroon with a 98% and 96% participation rate respectively. Height, weight, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose were measured in all subjects. Current levels of physical activity (in metabolic equivalents [MET]) were evaluated through the Sub-Saharan African Activity Questionnaire. Chronological data on lifetime migration were collected retrospectively and expressed as the total (EUt) or percentage (EU%) of lifetime exposure to urban environment.
Results Lifetime EUt was associated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.42; P < 0.0001), fasting glycaemia (r = 0.23; P < 0.0001), and blood pressure (r = 0.17; P < 0.0001) but not with age. The subjects who recently settled in a city (
2 years) had higher BMI (+2.9 kg/m2; P < 0.001), fasting glycaemia (+0.8 mmol/l; P < 0.001), systolic (+23 mmHg; P < 0.001) and diastolic (+9 mmHg; P = 0.001) blood pressure than rural dwellers with a history of 2 years EU. EU during the first 5 years of life was not, on its own, associated with glycaemia or BMI. However, both lifetime EUt and current residence were independently associated with obesity and diabetes. The association between lifetime EUt and hypertension was not independent of current residence and current level of physical activity.
Conclusions This study suggests that for the study of obesity and diabetes, in addition to current residence, both lifetime exposure to an urban environment and recent migration history should be investigated.
Keywords Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, urbanization, life course epidemiology, Africa
Accepted 7 October 2003
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