IJE Advance Access originally published online on April 22, 2004
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International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 485-492
IJE vol.33 no.3 © International Epidemiological Association 2004; all rights reserved.
Article |
Improving the efficiency of nested case-control studies of interaction by selecting controls using counter matching on exposure
Departments of 1 Statistics, 2 Epidemiology, 3 Clinical Studies, 4 Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
5 Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute, Finland
6 Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, US
Correspondence: John B Cologne, Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan. E-mail: cologne@rerf.or.jp
Background Studies of the effect of exposure to a risk factor measured in an entire cohort may be augmented by nested case-control subsets to investigate confounding or effect modification by additional factors not practically assessed on all cohort members. We compared three control-selection strategies—matching on exposure, counter matching on exposure, and random sampling—to determine which was most efficient in a situation where exposure is a known, continuous variable and high doses are rare.
Methods We estimated the power to detect interaction using four control-to-case ratios (1:1, 2:1, 4:1, and 8:1) in a planned case-control study of the joint effect of atomic bomb radiation exposure and serum oestradiol levels on breast cancer. Radiation dose is measured in the entire cohort, but because neither serum oestradiol level nor the true degree of interaction was known, we simulated values of oestradiol and hypothetical levels of oestradiol–radiation interaction.
Results Compared with random sampling, power to detect interaction was similarly higher with either matching or counter matching with two or more controls.
Conclusions Because counter matching is generally at least as efficient as random sampling, whereas matching on exposure can result in loss of efficiency and precludes estimation of exposure risk, we recommend counter matching for selecting controls in nested case-control studies of the joint effects of multiple risk factors when one is previously measured in the full cohort.
Keywords Nested case-control studies, probability sample, matching, counter matching, breast cancer, radiation effects
Accepted 17 December 2003
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