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International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:991-1000
© International Epidemiological Association 2002

Special Theme: Infectious Diseases

Disappearance of leprosy from Norway: an exploration of critical factors using an epidemiological modelling approach

Abraham Meimaa, Lorentz M Irgensb, Gerrit J van Oortmarssena, Jan H Richardusa and J Dik F Habbemaa

a Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
b Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Locus of Registry-Based Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Abraham Meima, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: meima{at}mgz.fgg.eur.nl

Abstract

Background By the middle of the 19th century, leprosy was a serious public health problem in Norway. By 1920, new cases only rarely occurred. This study aims to explain the disappearance of leprosy from Norway.

Methods Data from the National Leprosy Registry of Norway and population censuses were used. The patient data include year of birth, onset of disease, registration, hospital admission, death, and emigration. The Norwegian data were analysed using epidemiological models of disease transmission and control.

Results The time trend in leprosy new case detection in Norway can be reproduced adequately. The shift in new case detection towards older ages which occurred over time is accounted for by assuming that infected individuals may have a very long incubation period. The decline cannot be explained fully by the Norwegian policy of isolation of patients: an autonomous decrease in transmission, reflecting improvements in for instance living conditions, must also be assumed. The estimated contribution of the isolation policy to the decline in new case detection very much depends on assumptions made on build-up of contagiousness during the incubation period and waning of transmission opportunities due to rapid transmission to close contacts.

Conclusion The impact of isolation on interruption of transmission remains uncertain. This uncertainty also applies to contemporary leprosy control that mainly relies on chemotherapy treatment. Further research is needed to establish the impact of leprosy interventions on transmission.

Keywords Computer simulation, epidemiology, history, leprosy, Norway, patient isolation

Accepted 12 June 2002


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