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International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:78-85
© International Epidemiological Association 2002

Special Theme: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis

Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies

Stacey A Missmera,b, Stephanie A Smith-Warnerc, Donna Spiegelmana,d, Shiaw-Shyuan Yaunc, Hans-Olov Adamie, W Lawrence Beesonf, Piet A van den Brandtg, Gary E Fraserf, Jo L Freudenheimh, R Alexandra Goldbohmi, Saxon Grahamh, Lawrence H Kushij, Anthony B Millerk, John D Potterl, Thomas E Rohanm, Frank E Speizerb,n, Paolo Tonioloo,p, Walter C Willetta,b,c,q, Alicja Wolke, Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquottep and David J Huntera,b,q

a Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,
b Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
c Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,
d Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,
e Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
f The Center for Health Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA,
g Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
h Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA,
i Department of Epidemiology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands,
j Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
k Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,
l Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,
m Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,
n Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,
o Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,
p Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA and
q Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention, Boston, MA, USA.

Stacey A Missmer, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115–6096, USA. E-mail: stacey.missmer{at}channing.harvard.edu

Abstract

Background More than 20 studies have investigated the relation between meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer risk with conflicting results. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with meat and dairy food consumption and to assess whether non-dietary risk factors modify the relation.

Methods We combined the primary data from eight prospective cohort studies from North America and Western Europe with at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, assessment of usual food and nutrient intakes, and a validation study of the dietary assessment instrument. The pooled database included 351 041 women, 7379 of whom were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during up to 15 years of follow-up.

Results We found no significant association between intakes of total meat, red meat, white meat, total dairy fluids, or total dairy solids and breast cancer risk. Categorical analyses suggested a J-shaped association for egg consumption where, compared to women who did not eat eggs, breast cancer risk was slightly decreased among women who consumed <2 eggs per week but slightly increased among women who consumed >=1 egg per day.

Conclusions We found no significant associations between intake of meat or dairy products and risk of breast cancer. An inconsistent relation between egg consumption and risk of breast cancer merits further investigation.

Keywords Breast neoplasms, meat, dairy, epidemiology, dietary studies, pooled analysis

Accepted 6 July 2001


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