International Journal of Epidemiology 2001;30:1184-1192
© International Epidemiological Association 2001
Celebration |
A history of physical activity, cardiovascular health and longevity: the scientific contributions of Jeremy N Morris, DSc, DPH, FRCP
a Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305–5405, USA.
b Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
c The Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas, TX 75230, USA.
d Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brighamand Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Ralph S Paffenbarger Jr, Stanford University School of Medicine, HRP Redwood Building T213B, Stanford, CA 94305–5405, USA. E-mail: paff{at}stanford.edu
Abstract
Since Hippocrates first advised us more than 2000 years ago that exercise—though not too much of it—was good for health, the epidemiology of physical activity has developed apace with the epidemiological method itself. It was only in the mid-20th century that Professor Jeremy N Morris and his associates used quantitative analyses, which dealt with possible selection and confounding biases, to show that vigorous exercise protects against coronary heart disease (CHD). They began by demonstrating an apparent protection against CHD enjoyed by active conductors compared with sedentary drivers of London double-decker buses. In addition, postmen seemed to be protected against CHD like conductors, as opposed to less active government workers.
The Morris group pursued the matter further, adapting classical infectious disease epidemiology to the new problems of chronic, non-communicable diseases. Realizing that if physical exercise were to be shown to contribute to the prevention of CHD, it would have to be accomplished through study of leisure-time activities, presumably because of a lack of variability in intensities of physical work. Accordingly, they chose typical sedentary middle-management grade men for study, obtained 5-minute logs of their activities over a 2-day period, and followed them for non-fatal and fatal diseases. In a subsequent study, Morris et al. queried such executive-grade civil servants by detailed mail-back questionnaires on their health habits and health status. They then followed these men for chronic disease occurrence, as in the earlier survey. By 1973 they had distinguished between ‘moderately vigorous’ and ‘vigorous’ exercise. In both of these civil service surveys, they demonstrated strong associations between moderately vigorous or vigorous exercise and CHD occurrence, independent of other associations, in age classes 35–64 years.
In the last 30 years, with modern-day computers, a large number of epidemiological studies have been conducted in both sexes, in different ethnic groups, in broad age classes, in a variety of social groups, and on most continents of the world. These studies have extended and amplified those of the Morris group, thereby helping to solidify the cause-and-effect evidence that exercise protects against heart disease and averts premature mortality.
Keywords Physical activity, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular health, social medicine, exercise science, prospective cohort studies, incidence rates, all-cause mortality, longevity, medical history
Accepted 14 March 2001
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