International Journal of Epidemiology 2000;29:704-707
© International Epidemiological Association 2000
Very old drivers: findings from a population cohort of people aged 84 and over
a Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.
b INSERM Unité 360, Paris, France.
c Psychiatric Services for the Elderly, Addenbrooke's NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK.
d MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.
e Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Reprint requests to: Dr Carol Brayne, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK. E-mail: carol.brayne{at}medschl.cam.ac.uk
Background Increases in longevity will involve a significant increase among the number of drivers in the very old, who are at greater risk of being involved in road accidents. Data are thus needed from studies of older populations to characterize those still driving, the reasons for giving up and to help formulate appropriate policies for dealing with the problems faced and created by an increase in older drivers.
Methods A driving questionnaire was administered to surviving members of a cohort comprising a representative sample of individuals aged 
84, the Cambridge City over 75 Cohort. Out of 546 survivors 404 completed the driving questionnaire at the 9-year follow-up. In addition, subjects were assessed, at baseline and at each follow-up, for cognitive performance using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and for physical impairment using the Instrumental of Activities in Daily Living (IADL) scale.
Results Of the sample, 37% had driven in the past, and 8.4% were still driving, the majority regularly. The drivers tended to be younger (mean age 86.6 years), men (71%) and to be married (67.7%). Although physical disability and cognitive impairment are common in this age group, current drivers had few physical limitations on their daily activities and were not impaired on MMSE. None of the current drivers had visual impairment and 22.6% had hearing loss. Of those who had given up driving, 48.5% had given up at the age of 80. The commonest reasons for giving up driving were health problems (28.6%), and loss of confidence (17.9%). One-third reported giving up driving on advice.
Conclusion A process of self-selection takes place among older drivers. People over the age of 84 who are still driving have generally high levels of physical fitness and mental functioning, although some have some sensory loss. Given the likely increase in the number of older drivers over the next decades, safety will be improved most by strategies aimed at the entire driving population with older drivers in mind, rather than relying on costly screening programmes to identify the relatively small numbers of impaired older people who continue to drive.
Keywords Driving, elderly, cognitive function, physical impairment
Accepted 11 January 2000
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