© 1998 Oxford University Press
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Secular trends in blood pressure levels in Denmark 1964–1991
rd Thomsena
aCentre of Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine C. University Hospital of Copenhagen DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
bThe Danish Institute for Clinical Epidemiology Svanemøllevej 25. DK-2 100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
BACKGROUND: Hypertension is an essential risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases. Prospective studies show a reduction in risk of myocardial infarction with reduction of blood pressure. In Denmark there was a decrease in ischaemic heart disease mortality during the period (1968–1992) with around 34% in 30–65 year old men and 30% in women.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the changes in casual blood pressure between 1964 and 1991 in seven cross-sectional population studies.
SETTING POPULATION: Centre of Preventive Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2600 Glostrup. 10 359 subjects, equal numbers of men and women, age exactly 30, 40, 50 and 60 years drawn as random samples from a background population of 300 000 inhabitants and surveyed in 1964–1974 and five cross-sectional studies 1976, 1978, 1982–1984, 1986–1987 and 1991.
METHODS: Blood pressure was measured according to WHO criteria by one technician in each survey. Alcohol consumption and physical activity were measured by a self- administered questionnaire. The weight and height were measured by standardized methods. Data on mortality from ischaemic heart disease were obtained from death certificates recorded by the National Board of Health.
RESULTS: Blood pressure increased with increasing age in both genders and was significantly higher in men than in women. Median blood pressure in 50 year old men in 1964 was 135/85 mmHg and in 1991 it was 123/79, whereas in women in 1964 it was 140/85, against 119/74 in 1991.
The prevalence of hypertensives among 30 and 40 year olds declined throughout the period.
The performance of blood pressure measurements, technical variation, examination programme, seasonal variation and inter-observer variation were potential bias sources and influenced blood pressure levels, but cannot be shown to be responsible for the declining trend in blood pressure and hypertension.
Women became a little more physical active in leisure time and men less active. Women consumed less alcohol than men, but the amounts slightly increased by the end of the period. Body mass index >25 was seen less frequently in women than in men and this increased in men over the period.
Sale of antihypertensive drugs increased in Denmark over the 1964–1991 period. There seems to be good agreement between the changes in blood pressure in the population and the decline in mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease in Denmark, which is influenced by other risk factors as well.
CONCLUSION: Blood pressure distributions have shifted towards lower values in 1964–1991. Prevalence of hypertension declined up to 1983. Risk factor changes as well as treatment for hypertension contribute to this.
Keywords Blood pressure, hypertension, secure trends, epidemiology
Accepted 28 November 1997
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