© 1998 Oxford University Press
review-article |
Relationship between socioeconomic status and ischaemic heart disease in cohort and case-control studies: 1960–1993
aDepartment of International Health, National School of Public Health Instituto de Salud ‘Carlos III’, Madnd. Spain
bDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad del País Vasco Vitoria-Gastelz, Spain
cDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
Reprint requests to: Dr Fernando Rodríguez Artalejo. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina, Unlversidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda, Arzoblspo Mordilo, Sn, 28029 Madrid, Spain
BACKGROUND: Much of the information on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) comes from ecological, cross-sectional and longitudinal mortality studies. Such studies may present methodological problems which affect cohort studies and case-control studies to a lesser degree.
METHODS: A systematic review was conducted into the relationship between SES and IHD, as reported by cohort and case-control studies in which SES had been measured by education or occupation. A bibliographic search, covering the period 1960–1993, was carried out using Index Medicus, MEDLINE, Sociological Abstracts, Social Scisearch and the references cited in papers identified in such databases. Finally, 34 studies were selected, with data being extracted separately by two reviewers working independently. Where differences of opinion arose, these were resolved by discussion between the two. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify determinants of inter-study heterogeneity.
RESULTS: Risk of IHD was inversely related to educational level in the period 1982–1993. There was a lower risk of IHD among manual workers versus non-manual workers until approximately 1970; thereafter the relationship became inverted. The odds ratio for HID in manual workers rose progressively over the period 1960–1993, something that could not be explained by study design, study size, study country or control for confounding factors. Education- and occupation- related differences in risk of IHD affected all SES levels.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings agree with those yielded by ecological, cross-sectional and longitudinal mortality studies, although they cannot be extrapolated to women, nonwhite ethnic groups, or developing countries. The inversion of the relationship between SES and IHD, and the increase in socioeconomic differences in LHD in recent years suggest that the problem is potentially controllable and that the necessary policies should be implemented as a matter of urgency.
Keywords lschaemic heart disease, socioeconomic status, education, occupation, systematic systematic
Accepted 16 September 1997
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