International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol 26, S49-S58, Copyright © 1997 by International Epidemiological Association
MC Ocke, HB Bueno-de-Mesquita, MA Pols, HA Smit, WA van Staveren and D Kromhout
BACKGROUND: A self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency
questionnaire (FFQ) was developed for the Dutch cohort of the European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS: The
reproducibility and relative validity of nutrient intake as assessed by
this questionnaire were investigated in a population of 121 men and women.
To assess the relative validity, 12 monthly 24-hour recalls served as
reference method, together with four determinations of 24-hour urinary
nitrogen excretion, predicted basal metabolic rate, and serum beta-carotene
and alpha-tocopherol levels. RESULTS: Protein and among women, energy
intake were underestimated by the questionnaire compared to urinary
nitrogen excretion and the basal metabolic rate, respectively. The
underestimation for protein decreased with increasing protein intake.
Pearson correlation coefficients between nutrient intakes assessed by
repeated questionnaires ranged from 0.70 to 0.94 among men and from 0.59 to
0.94 among women. Correlation coefficients between nutrient intakes
assessed by the questionnaire and 24-hour recalls ranged from 0.26 to 0.83
for men and from 0.35 to 0.90 for women, with medians of 0.59 and 0.58,
respectively. Correlation coefficients between 0.2 and 0.5 were observed
for beta-carotene and vitamin C for men and for beta-carotene and vitamin E
for women. Associations with serum beta-carotene (r = -0.16 for men; 0.13
for women) and alpha-tocopherol (0.23 and 0.15, respectively) were much
poorer than those obtained with 24-hour recalls. Correlations between
protein intake and 24-hour urinary nitrogen excretion were 0.47 and 0.53,
respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ seems adequate for ranking subjects
according to intake of energy, macronutrients, dietary fibre and retinol,
but it does not yield such good results for beta-carotene, vitamin C for
men, vitamin E for women.
ARTICLES
The Dutch EPIC food frequency questionnaire. II. Relative validity and reproducibility for nutrients
Department of Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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