International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol 26, 972-977, Copyright © 1997 by International Epidemiological Association
CL Fisher, DM Mannino, WH Herman and H Frumkin
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking has been linked to thyroid disease, although
studies of this problem have not shown consistent affects, with some
studies linking smoking to increased thyroid hormone levels, and others to
decreased thyroid hormone levels. METHODS: We performed a secondary
analysis of information collected from 4462 Vietnam-era male US Army
veterans aged 31-49 years who participated in the Vietnam Experience Study
in 1985-1986. The study group consisted of 1962 current smokers and 2406
current non-smokers who had no thyroid abnormalities on physical
examination, no current use of thyroid medicine, and no history of thyroid
disease. RESULTS: We found that current smokers have higher thyroxine
levels and lower thyroid stimulating hormone levels than never smokers and
former smokers. The higher thyroxine levels that we detected in smokers,
compared to non- smokers, diminished when we controlled for
thyroxine-binding globulin and testosterone. We also found that heavy
smokers had a smaller increase in thyroxine levels than did light smokers,
when compared to non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest at least
two distinct mechanisms for the effect of tobacco smoke on thyroid
function; one related to higher levels of thyroxine-binding globulin and
testosterone among smokers compared to non-smokers and another related to
higher levels of thyrotoxins in tobacco smoke in heavy smokers compared to
light and moderate smokers.
ARTICLES
Cigarette smoking and thyroid hormone levels in males
Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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