International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol 21, S24-S32, Copyright © 1992 by International Epidemiological Association
CS Zajac and EL Abel
Since the first reports of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), thousands of
studies have examined the effects of antenatal alcohol exposure in humans
and in animal models. Research with animal models has led to discoveries
which would be difficult if not impossible in human subjects. Most
importantly, these models have resulted in valuable insights into the
actions of alcohol on various parts of the developing embryo and have
helped researchers come closer to identifying the mechanisms of its
teratogenic action. Both the direct and indirect biological effects of
alcohol exposure in utero appear to work in conjunction with other
concurrent and predisposing factors such as genotype, nutritional status,
pattern of exposure and use of other drugs such as nicotine and cocaine. At
present animal research indicates a multifactorial mechanism of the
teratogenicity of alcohol resulting from nutrient deficiencies, fetal
hypoxia and alterations in enzyme activities and cell function important in
cell division and membrane integrity. This review examines how animal
models are used to clarify issues associated with alcohol-related birth
defects and to shed light on the underlying mechanisms.
ARTICLES
Animal models of prenatal alcohol exposure
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