Skip Navigation

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (139)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by NEWELL, D. J
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by NEWELL, D. J
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

© 1992 Oxford University Press

other

Intention-to-Treat Analysis: Implications for Quantitative and Qualitative Research

DAVID J NEWELL

Department of Medical Statistics University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Present address: Centre for Heahh Economics Research and Evaluation (University of Sydney), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia

Newell D J (Department of Medical Statistics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK). Intention-to-treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research. International Journal of Epidemiology 1992, 21: 837–841

Intention-to-treat analysis is an important aspect of randomized controlled trials of health care interventions. The concept is now widely accepted in theory, but not always implemented in practice. Failure to analyse by intention-to-treat can give misleading and indeed life-threatening interpretations. In some studies, a case is put for estimating the effect that would have been observed if all patients had received the allocated treatment. Situations where this is valid are rare, but an example is given of such an exceptional study. The relevance of the intention-to-treat concept is not always taken into account in qualitative research. Interviews with new mothers who delivered their babies at home in a hypothetical controlled trial of home versus hospital confinement would provide fascinating accounts of the pleasures of successful delivery at home. But by definition the interviews would exclude the hazard and drama of necessary transfers to hospital due to complications in late pregnancy and early labour. The intention-to-treat approach would avoid this bias.


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Clin TrialsHome page
J. Gravel, L. Opatrny, and S. Shapiro
The intention-to-treat approach in randomized controlled trials: Are authors saying what they do and doing what they say?
Clinical Trials, August 1, 2007; 4(4): 350 - 356.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 JCOHome page
J. K.H. Vallance, K. S. Courneya, R. C. Plotnikoff, Y. Yasui, and J. R. Mackey
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Print Materials and Step Pedometers on Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors
J. Clin. Oncol., June 10, 2007; 25(17): 2352 - 2359.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Health Educ ResHome page
H. Spittaels, I De Bourdeaudhuij, J Brug, and C Vandelanotte
Effectiveness of an online computer-tailored physical activity intervention in a real-life setting
Health Educ. Res., June 1, 2007; 22(3): 385 - 396.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 haematolHome page
D. Blaise, N. Vey, C. Faucher, and M. Mohty
Current status of reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia
Haematologica, April 1, 2007; 92(4): 533 - 541.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eval RevHome page
D. A. Freedman
Statistical models for causation: what inferential leverage do they provide?
Eval Rev, December 1, 2006; 30(6): 691 - 713.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
S. Jasti, A. M. Siega-Riz, M. E. Cogswell, and A. G. Hartzema
Correction for Errors in Measuring Adherence to Prenatal Multivitamin/Mineral Supplement Use among Low-Income Women
J. Nutr., February 1, 2006; 136(2): 479 - 483.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
T. A. Vassiliades Jr, P. C. Block, L. H. Cohn, D. H. Adams, J. S. Borer, T. Feldman, D. R. Holmes, W. K. Laskey, B. W. Lytle, M. J. Mack, et al.
The Clinical Development of Percutaneous Heart Valve Technology: A Position Statement of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 3, 2005; 45(9): 1554 - 1560.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) a, T. A. Vassiliades Jr, P. C. Block, L. H. Cohn, D. H. Adams, J. S. Borer, T. Feldman, D. R. Holmes, W. K. Laskey, B. W. Lytle, et al.
The clinical development of percutaneous heart valve technology: A position statement of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI)
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., May 1, 2005; 129(5): 970 - 976.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
T. A. Vassiliades Jr, P. C. Block, L. H. Cohn, D. H. Adams, J. S. Borer, T. Feldman, D. R. Holmes, W. K. Laskey, B. W. Lytle, M. J. Mack, et al.
The Clinical Development of Percutaneous Heart Valve Technology: A Position Statement of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI)
Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2005; 79(5): 1812 - 1818.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch OphthalmolHome page
J. J. Walline, L. A. Jones, D. O. Mutti, and K. Zadnik
A Randomized Trial of the Effects of Rigid Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression
Arch Ophthalmol, December 1, 2004; 122(12): 1760 - 1766.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc.Home page
K. B. Landorf, A.-M. Keenan, and R. D. Herbert
Effectiveness of Different Types of Foot Orthoses for the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, November 1, 2004; 94(6): 542 - 549.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
C. S. Minkovitz, N. Hughart, D. Strobino, D. Scharfstein, H. Grason, W. Hou, T. Miller, D. Bishai, M. Augustyn, K. T. McLearn, et al.
A Practice-Based Intervention to Enhance Quality of Care in the First 3 Years of Life: The Healthy Steps for Young Children Program
JAMA, December 17, 2003; 290(23): 3081 - 3091.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CMAJHome page
M. G. Cole, J. McCusker, F. Bellavance, F. J. Primeau, R. F. Bailey, M. J. Bonnycastle, and J. Laplante
Systematic detection and multidisciplinary care of delirium in older medical inpatients: a randomized trial
Can. Med. Assoc. J., October 1, 2002; 167(7): 753 - 759.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BMJHome page
D. Fergusson, S. D Aaron, G. Guyatt, and P. Hebert
Post-randomisation exclusions: the intention to treat principle and excluding patients from analysis
BMJ, September 21, 2002; 325(7365): 652 - 654.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann Rheum DisHome page
R Landewe and D van der Heijde
Follow up studies in rheumatoid arthritis
Ann Rheum Dis, June 1, 2002; 61(6): 479 - 481.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Psychosom. Med.Home page
E. Petkova and J. Teresi
Some Statistical Issues in the Analyses of Data From Longitudinal Studies of Elderly Chronic Care Populations
Psychosom Med, May 1, 2002; 64(3): 531 - 547.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann Rheum DisHome page
M E van Baar, J Dekker, R A B Oostendorp, D Bijl, T. B Voorn, and J W J Bijlsma
Effectiveness of exercise in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: nine months' follow up
Ann Rheum Dis, December 1, 2001; 60(12): 1123 - 1130.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. C. Gallagher, S. E. Fowler, J. R. Detter, and S. S. Sherman
Combination Treatment with Estrogen and Calcitriol in the Prevention of Age-Related Bone Loss
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3618 - 3628.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
M. G. C. Gillan, F. J. Gilbert, J. E. Andrew, A. M. Grant, D. Wardlaw, N. W. Valentine, A. C. Gregori, and For the Scottish Back Trial Group
Influence of Imaging on Clinical Decision Making in the Treatment of Lower Back Pain
Radiology, August 1, 2001; 220(2): 393 - 399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CMAJHome page
P.J. Devereaux, B. J. Manns, W. A. Ghali, H. Quan, and G. H. Guyatt
Reviewing the reviewers: the quality of reporting in three secondary journals
Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 1, 2001; 164(11): 1573 - 1576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
P. C. Jenkins, M. F. Flanagan, K. J. Jenkins, J. D. Sargent, C. E. Canter, R. E. Chinnock, R. N. Vincent, A. N. A. Tosteson, and G. T. O'Connor
Survival analysis and risk factors for mortality in transplantation and staged surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2000; 36(4): 1178 - 1185.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BMJHome page
S. Hollis and F. Campbell
What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials
BMJ, September 11, 1999; 319(7211): 670 - 674.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
M. A. Winker
The Need for Concrete Improvement in Abstract Quality
JAMA, March 24, 1999; 281(12): 1129 - 1130.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 West J Nurs ResHome page
S. Sidani
Measuring the Intervention in Effectiveness Research
West J Nurs Res, October 1, 1998; 20(5): 621 - 635.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch. Dis. Child.Home page
P Hawe, N McKenzie, and R Scurry
Randomised controlled trial of the use of a modified postal reminder card on the uptake of measles vaccination
Arch. Dis. Child., August 1, 1998; 79(2): 136 - 140.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
G. Bondolfi, H. Dufour, M. Patris, J. P. May, U. Billeter, C. B. Eap, and P. Baumann
Risperidone Versus Clozapine in Treatment-Resistant Chronic Schizophrenia: A Randomized Double-Blind Study
Am J Psychiatry, April 1, 1998; 155(4): 499 - 504.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
E. Susser, E. Valencia, A. Berkman, N. Sohler, S. Conover, J. Torres, P. Betne, A. Felix, and S. Miller
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sexual Risk Reduction in Homeless Men With Mental Illness
Arch Gen Psychiatry, March 1, 1998; 55(3): 266 - 272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
A. Pablos-Mendez, R. G. Barr, and S. Shea
Run-in Periods in Randomized Trials: Implications for the Application of Results in Clinical Practice
JAMA, January 21, 1998; 279(3): 222 - 225.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin RehabilHome page
H. Rodgers, J. Soutter, W. Kaiser, P. Pearson, R. Dobson, C. Skilbeck, and J. Bond
Early supported hospital discharge following acute stroke: pilot study results
Clinical Rehabilitation, November 1, 1997; 11(4): 280 - 287.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
B. Dawson-Hughes, S. S. Harris, E. A. Krall, and G. E. Dallal
Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Density in Men and Women 65 Years of Age or Older
N. Engl. J. Med., September 4, 1997; 337(10): 670 - 676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BMJHome page
V Hundley, G D Land, D Blyth, M Turner, F M Cruickshank, J M Milne, C. Glazener, J. Mollison, and C Donaldson
Authors' reply
BMJ, March 25, 1995; 310(6982): 807a - 807.
[Full Text]

Home page
 BMJHome page
J. Windeler and S. Lange
Events per person year--a dubious concept
BMJ, February 18, 1995; 310(6977): 454 - 456.
[Full Text]


Disclaimer:
Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.